Tenses
Tenses adalah sebuah kategori tata bahasa (grammar) yang menekankan pada penggunaan kata kerja (verb) yang dikaitkan dengan waktu penggunaannya. Dengan kata lain, tenses adalah pembedaan bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan perbedaan waktu dan durasi suatu perbuatan atau kejadian. Berikut rangkuman 16 Tenses Bahasa Inggris yang sudah kami rangkum untuk kamu.
Tenses Bahasa Inggris. Sumber gambar: toughtco.com
Tabel 16 Tenses Bahasa Inggris
| Time | Event | |||
| Simple | Continuous | Perfect | Perfect Continuous | |
| Present | Simple Present Tense | Present Continuous Tense | Present Perfect Tense | Present Perfect Continuous Tense |
| Past | Simple Past Tense | Past Continuous Tense | Past Perfect Tense | Past Perfect Continuous Tense |
| Future | Simple Future Tense | Future Continuous Tense | Future Perfect Tense | Future Perfect Continuous Tense |
| Past Future | Past Future Tense | Past Future Continuous Tense | Past Future Perfect Tense | Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense |
Tenses dalam Bentuk “Present”
1. Simple Present Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan fakta, kebiasaan, dan keadaan umum yang terjadi pada saat ini.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + Verb / Verb-s/es + Complement
Atau Subject + am/are/is + Complement |
a. I work hard for this company.
b. He works hard for this company. c. You are beautiful. d. She is beautiful. |
| Negatif | Sunbect + do/does not + Verb1 + Complement
Atau Subject + am/are/is + not + complement |
a. I do not work hard for this company.
b. He does not work hard for this company. c. You are not beautiful. d. She is not beautiful. |
| Interogatif | Do/does + Subject + Verb1 + Complement?
Atau Am/are/is + Subject + Complement? |
a. Do I work hard for this company?
b. Does he work hard for this company? c. Are you beautiful? d. Is she beautiful? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah: usually, always, every, sometimes, normally, dan seldom, dll.
2. Present Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk membicarakan aksi yang sedang berlangsung. Yang paling utama dari tense ini adalah adanya durasi waktu untuk kata kerjanya.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + am/are/is + Verb-ing + Complement | We are studying English. |
| Negatif | Subject + am/are/is + Not + Complement | We are not studying English. |
| Interogatif | Am/are/is + Subject + Verb-ing + Complement? | Are we studying English? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah now, at the time, at this present, at this moment, dll.
3. Present Perfect Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi atau kejadian sudah selesai dan menekankan pada hasilnya.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + has/have + Verb3 + Complement | a. I have finished my homework.
b. She has finished her homework. |
| Negatif | Subject + has/have + not + Verb3 + Complement | a. I have not finished my homework.
b. She has not finished her homework. |
| Interogatif | Has/have + Subject + Verb3 + Complement? | a. Have I finished my homework?
b. Has she finished her homework? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah already, ever, just, never, not yet, so far, till now, dll.
4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang dimulai pada masa lampau dan terus berlanjut sampai saat ini. Biasanya aksi yang menggunakan tense ini mempunyai durasi waktu tentu dan mempunyai relevansi dengan kondisi sekarang.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + has/have + been + Verb-ing + Complement | a. You have been working here since 2015.
b. She has been speaking for the last 3 hours. |
| Negatif | Subject + has/have + not + been + Verb-ing + Complement | a. You have not been working here since 2015.
b. She has not been speaking for the last 3 hours. |
| Interogatif | Has/have + Subject + been + Verb-ing + Complement? | a. Have you been working here since 2015?
b. Has she been speaking for the last 3 hours? |
Tenses dalam Bentuk “Past”
Kata sinyal untuk tense ini adalah since, for the past …, the whole week, dll.
5. Simple Past Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian di masa lampau.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + Verb2 + Complement
Atau Subject + was/were + Complement |
a. I worked hard for that company.
b. He worked hard for that company. c. You were beautiful. d. She was beautiful. |
| Negatif | Subject + did not + Verb1 + Complement
Atau Subject + was/were + not + Complement |
a. I did not work hard for that company.
b. He did not work hard for that company. c. You were not beautiful. d. She was not beautiful. |
| Interogatif | Did + Subject + Verb1 + Complement?
Atau Was/were + Subject + Complement? |
a. Did I work hard for that company?
b. Did he work hard for that company? c. Were you beautiful? d. Was she beautiful? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah last year, last month, yesterday, in 1996, last Sunday, dll.
6. Past Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu kejadian yang sedang terjadi pada masa lampau. Biasanya, ada 2 kejadian terjadi di masa lampau, dan kejadian yang diinterupsi tersebut yang menggunakan tense ini.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + was/were + Verb-ing + Complement | I was studying English when he called. |
| Negatif | Subject + was/were + Not + Verb-ing + Complement | I was not studying English when he called. |
| Interogatif | Was/were + Subject + Verb-ing + Complement? | Was I studying English when he called? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah when, while, as long as, at this time yesterday, dll.
7. Past Perfect Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian yang terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lampau, dan lebih menekankan pada hasil dari pada durasinya kejadiannya. Biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan kejadian mana yang terlebih terjadi dahulu di antara 2 kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + had + Verb3 + Complement | I had finished my homework before I met up with my friends yesterday. |
| Negatif | Subject + had + not + Verb3 + Complement | I had not finished my homework before I met up with my friends yesterday. |
| Interogatif | Had + Subject + Verb3 + Complement? | Had I finished my homework before I met up with my friends yesterday? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah before yesterday, till three days ago, already, until that day, dll.
8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang terjadi di masa lalu dan sudah selesai pada waktu tertentu di masa lalu juga. Tense ini menekankan pada durasi kejadiannya. Tense ini juga digunakan pada Reported Speech
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + had + been + Verb-ing + Complement | You had been crying for an hour. |
| Negatif | Subject + had + not + been + Verb-ing + Complement | You had not been crying for an hour. |
| Interogatif | Had + Subject + been + Verb-ing + Complement? | Had you been crying for an hour? |
Tenses dalam Bentuk “Future”
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah for, since, the whole day, all day, dll.
9. Simple Future Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi atau suatu keadaan di masa depan.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + will/be going to + Verb1 + Complement | a. I will work hard for this company.
b. I am going to work hard for this company. |
| Negatif | Subject + will not / be not going to + Verb1 + Complement | a. I will not work hard for this company.
b. I am not going to work hard for this company. |
| Subject | Will + Subject + Verb1 + Complement?
Atau Be + Subject + going to + Verb1 + Complement? |
a. Will I work hard for this company?
b. Am I going to work hard for this company? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah next…, tomorrow, five days later, dll.
10. Future Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi atau keadaan yang akan terjadi di suatu waktu tertentu di masa yang akan datang.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + will / be going to+ be + Verb-ing + Complement | a. I will be studying English.
b. You are going be studying English. |
| Negatif | Subject + will not / be not going to + be + Verb-ing + Complement | a. I will not be studying English.
b. You are not going to be studying English. |
| Interogatif | Am/are/is + Subject + Verb-ing + Complement? | a. Will I be studying English?
b. Are you going to be studying English? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah tomorrow morning, in ten years, dll.
11. Future Perfect Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan berakhir di masa depan.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + will have + Verb3 + Complement | I will have finished my homework. |
| Negatif | Subject + will not have + Verb3 + Complement | I will not have finished my homework. |
| Interogatif | Will + Subject + have Verb3 + Complement? | Will I have finished my homework? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah next…, in a week, dll.
12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan terus terjadi di masa depan. Tense ini menekankan pada hasil.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + will + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement | In 2020, she will have been working here for 2 years. |
| Negatif | Subject + will + not + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement | In 2020, she will not have been working here for 2 years. |
| Interogatif | Will + Subject + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement? | In 2020, will she have been working here for 2 years? |
Tenses dalam Bentuk “Past Future”
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah for the last…, all day long, dll.
13. Past Future Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan dilakukan di masa lalu namun gagal (rencana yang gagal).
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + would/should + Verb1 + Complement | I would come to your party if you invited me. |
| Negatif | Subject + would/should not + Verb1 + Complement | I would not come to your party if you did not invite me. |
| Subject | Would/should + Subject + Verb1 + Complement? | Would I come to your party if you invited me? |
Kata sinyal waktu untuk tense ini adalah yesterday, the day before, last week, dll.
14. Past Future Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi yang akan dilakukan di masa lampau dan akan berlangsung hingga waktu tertentu di masa lampau. Tense ini menekankan pada durasi aksinya.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + would/should + be + Verb-ing + Complement | I would be studying if you did not disturb me yesterday. |
| Negatif | Subject + would/should not + be + Verb-ing + Complement | I would not be studying if you did not disturb me yesterday. |
| Subject | Would/should + Subject + be + Verb-ing + Complement? | Would I be studying if you did not disturb me yesterday? |
15. Past Future Perfect Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan suatu aksi yang akan sudah dilakukan di masa lampau namun ternyata tidak dilakukan (rencana yang gagal). Tense ini menekankan pada hasil.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + would/should + have + Verb3 + Complement | I would have bought a new car if I had enough money. |
| Negatif | Subject + would/should not + have + Verb3 + Complement | I would not have bought a new car if I had enough money. |
| Subject | Would/should + Subject + be + Verb3 + Complement? | Would I have bought a new car if I had enough money? |
16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
Digunakan untuk menunjukkan aksi yang akan sudah dan masih sedang dilakukan di masa lampau, namun sebenarnya tidak terjadi. Tense ini menekankan pada durasi dan hasilnya.
| Fungsi | Rumus | Contoh |
| Positif | Subject + would/should + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement | She would have been waiting for me for 3 hours yesterday but she had gone at 9.00 PM. |
| Negatif | Subject + would/should not + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement | She would not have been waiting for me for 3 hours yesterday but she had gone at 9.00 PM. |
| Subject | Would/should + Subject + have + been + Verb-ing + Complement? | Would she have been waiting for me for 3 hours yesterday? |
Kata sinyal untuk tense ini adalah for, but, unfortunately, dll.
Artikel: 16 Tenses dalam Bahasa Inggris
Kontributor: Nanda Widya, S.Hum.
Alumni Sastra Inggris FIB UI
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