Direct and Indirect Speech
Direct speech, disebut juga direct quotation atau quoted speech, adalah kalimat langsung yang digunakan untuk menjelaskan ucapan orang lain dengan menggunakan kalimat yang sama persis dan ditandai dengan tanda kutip pada awal dan akhir kalimat. Sedangkan indirect speech menjelaskan hal yang sama namun tidak menggunakan tanda kutip, melainkan dengan mengubah kalimat tersebut. Indirect speech juga disebut sebagai reported speech.
Perubahan Tense pada Direct to Indirect Speech
Dari direct speech ke indirect speech, terdapat perubahan pada tense yang digunakan yaitu:
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
|---|---|
| Simple Present
“Peter is sick.” “Peter sakit.” |
Simple Past
She said that Peter was sick. Dia berkata bahwa Peter sakit. |
| Present Continuous
“Peter is going to a hospital.” “Peter sedang pergi ke sebuah rumah sakit.” |
Past Continuous
She said that Peter was going to a hospital. Dia berkata bahwa Peter sedang pergi ke sebuah rumah sakit. |
| Present Perfect
“Peter has not gone back to work yet.” “Peter belum kembali bekerja.” |
Past Perfect
She said that Peter had not gone back to work yet. Dia berkata bahwa Peter belum kembali bekerja. |
| Present Perfect Continuous
“Peter has been losing some weight.” “Berat badan Peter turun.” |
Past Perfect Continuous
She said that Peter had been losing some weight. Dia berkata bahwa berat badan Peter turun. |
| Simple Future
“I will study Japanese.” “Aku akan belajar bahasa Jepang.” |
Past Future
Jane said that she would study Japanese. Jane berkata dia akan belajar bahasa Jepang. |
| Future Continuous
“I will be studying at library tonight.” “Aku akan sedang belajar di perpustakaan nanti malam.” |
Past Future Continuous
Jane said that she would be studying at library that night. Jane berkata dia sedang belajar di perpustakaan malam itu. |
| Future Perfect
“I will have passed the test.” “Aku akan lulus ujian.” |
Past Future Perfect
Jane said that she would have passed the test. Jane berkata dia akan sudah lulus ujian. |
| Future Perfect Continuous
“Tomorrow, I will have been studying Japanese for a month.” “Besok, aku akan sudah belajar bahasa Jepang selama satu bulan.” |
Past Future Perfect Continuous
Jane said that, the next day , she would have been studying Japanese for a month. Jane berkata, pada hari berikutnya, dia akan sudah belajar bahasa Jepang selama satu bulan. |
| Simple Past
“I asked my dad to buy me a new phone.” “Aku sudah meminta ayahku untuk membelikanku sebuah telepon baru.” |
Past Perfect
Denise said that she had asked dad to buy her a new phone. Denise berkata bahwa dia sudah meminta ayahnya untuk membelikannya sebuah telepon baru. |
| Past Continuous
“My dad was eating when I asked him.” “Ayahku sedang makan ketika aku memintanya.” |
Past Perfect Continuous
Denise said that her dad had been eating when she asked him. Denise berkata bahwa ayahnya sedang makan ketika dia memintanya. |
| Past Perfect
“My dad had bought me a new phone.” “Ayahku sudah membelikanku sebuah telepon baru.” |
Tidak berubah
Denise said that her dad had bought her a new phone. Denise berkata bahwa ayahnya sudah membelikannya sebuah telepon baru. |
| Past Perfect Continuous
“My dad had been working on his project.” “Ayahku sedang mengerjakan proyeknya.” |
Tidak berubah
Denise said that her dad had been working on his project. Denise berkata bahwa ayahnya sedang mengerjakan proyeknya. |
Seperti yang kita lihat di atas, indirect speech biasanya menggunakan kata penghubung “that”. Namun kita dapat menghilangkan kata ini jika konteks pembicaraannya informal.
Selain kata “said” kita dapat menggunakan “told” pada indirect speech, namun kita harus menambahkan object setelahnya.
Contoh kalimat:
Direct speech : “I will go to to Japan tomorrow.”
Indirect speech : John told her that he would go to Japan the next day.
Perubahan Subject atau Pronoun
Untuk mendapatkan makna yang sama, kita perlu mengubah subject pada indirect speech. Contohnya:
Direct speech : “I asked my sister to buy this novel.”
Indirect speech : Karen said that she had asked her sister to buy that novel.
Perubahan Waktu dan Tempat
Contoh perubahan waktu dan tempat yang biasanya dipakai adalah:
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|
| This/these | That/those |
| Here | There |
| Today/tonight | (On) that day/that night |
| Yesterday | (On) the say before/the previous day |
| Tomorrow | The next day |
| Two days from tosay | Two days from then |
| Two days ago | Two days eralier |
Contoh kalimat:
Direct speech : “I asked my sister to buy this novel yesteday”
Indirect speech : Karen said that she had asked her sister to buy that novel on the previous day.
Perubahan Modal
Selain perubahan-perubahan yang telah disebutkan di atas, kita juga perlu mengubah modal yang digunakan.
| Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|
| May | Might |
| Can | Could |
| Shall | Should |
| Will | Would |
Contohnya:
Direct speech : “I can ask my sister to buy me this novel.”
Indirect speech : Karen said that she could ask her sister to buy her that novel.
Indirect Speech untuk Pertanyaan
Kita dapat menggunakan pola yang berbeda untuk menyampaikan pertanyaan dengan menggunakan “if” atau “whether” untuk Yes/No Question dan “what”,“who”, “when”, “where”, “why”, dan “how” untuk WF Question
| Question | Direct speech | Indirect speech |
|---|---|---|
| Yes/No Question | “Am I late?”
“Do you need my help?” |
Amanda asked if she was late.
Amanda asked whether I needed her help. |
| WF Question | “What can I do for you?” | Amanda asked what she could for me. |
Indirect Speech untuk Permintaan atau Perintah
Untuk permintaan, kita dapat menggunakan “asked”. Sedangkan untuk perintah, kita dapat menggunakan “told” atau “ordered”. Perlu dicatat bahwa kita perlu menambahkan kata “to” pada kalimat permintaan atau perintah.
Contoh 1:
Direct speech : “Can you help?”
Indirect speech : My mom asked me to help her.
Contoh 2:
Direct speech : “Do the homework.”
Indirect speech : My mom told me to do the homework.
Pengecualian Perubahan Tense
Dalam beberapa situasi, kita tidak perlu mengganti tense dan modal pada indirect speech, yaitu:
- Membicarakan fakta
- Membicarakan hal yang masih benar (terjadi)
- Menyatakan hypothetical statement (if)
- Pernyataan yang baru saja dibuat
- Ucapan yang belum terjadi ketika kita menyampaikan ucapan tersebut menggunakan indirect speech.
Referensi
Thewlis, Stephen H. (2000). Grammar Dimensions 3: Form, Meaning, and Use. Boston: Hainle & Hainle.
Artikel: Direct and Indirect Speech
Kontributor: Nanda Widya, S.Hum.
Alumni Sastra Inggris FIB UI
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